Ordnungszahl: |
90 |
Name: |
Thorium |
Namensursprung: |
Named for Thor, Norse god of thunder. |
Entdeckung: |
1828 by Jöns Berzelius in Sweden |
Beschreibung: |
Heavy, gray, soft, malleable, ductile, radioactive metal. |
Vorkommen: |
Found in various minerals like monazite and thorite. |
Verwendung: |
Used in making strong alloys. Also in ultraviolet
photoelectric cells. It is a common ingredient in high-quality lenses.
Bombarded with neutrons make uranium-233, a nuclear fuel. |
Gruppe: |
Transition Metal |
Atomgewicht: |
232.0381 |
Schmelzpunkt: |
1750°C |
Siedepunkt: |
4000°C |
Dichte bei 293 K: |
11.7 g/cm³ |
Aggregatszustand bei Raumtemperatur: |
Solid |
Schalen: |
2,8,18,32,18,10,2 |
Orbitale: |
[Rn] 6d2 7s2 |
Valenzen: |
4 |
1. Ionisierungs- potential: |
6.08 V |
2. Ionisierungs- potential: |
11.504 V |
3. Ionisierungs- potential: |
20.003 V |
Atomradius: |
-- |
Spezifische Wärme: |
0.12 J/gK |
Verdampfungswärme: |
514.40 kJ/mol |
Schmelzwärme: |
16.10 kJ/mol |
Thermischer Ausdehnungskoeffizient: |
11.0 10-6 K-1 |
Röntgenemission Energie / Wellenlänge: |
|
KA |
KB |
LA |
LB |
MA |
MB |
|
|
|
eV |
0 |
0 |
12969.2 |
16202.8 |
2996.19 |
3146.04 |
|
|
|
Å |
0 |
0 |
0.95599 |
0.76521 |
4.1381 |
3.941 |
|
|
|
|
Röntgenabsorption Energie / Wellenlänge: |
|
K |
L-I |
L-II |
L-III |
M-I |
M-II |
M-III |
M-IV |
M-V |
eV |
109640 |
20471 |
19692 |
16299 |
5182 |
4832 |
4046 |
3491 |
3332 |
Å |
0.11308 |
0.60566 |
0.62962 |
0.76069 |
2.39262 |
2.56592 |
3.06439 |
3.55157 |
3.72105 |
|
Röntgen Fluoreszenz Ausbeute: |
|
KA |
KB |
LA |
LB |
MA |
MB |
|
|
|
|
97.5% |
0% |
46.1% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
|
|
|
|
Nuklide: |
|
Anteil |
Gewicht |
Spin |
Halbwertszeit |
Zerfallsmodus |
Th226 |
0% |
226.025 |
0 |
30.6m |
α |
Th227 |
0% |
227.028 |
3/2 |
18.72d |
α |
Th228 |
0% |
228.029 |
0 |
1.913y |
α |
Th229 |
0% |
229.032 |
5/2 |
7.34E03y |
α |
Th230 |
0% |
230.033 |
0 |
7.54E04y |
α |
Th231 |
0% |
231 |
5/2 |
1.063d |
β- |
Th232 |
100% |
232.038 |
0 |
1.40E10y |
α |
Th233 |
0% |
233 |
1/2 |
22.3m |
β- |
Th234 |
0% |
234 |
0 |
24.1d |
β- | |